We all share some similarities in the way we look, feel, and experience life, but genetics plays a major role in determining the foundations of who we truly are. Certain variations in genes shape our childhoods and adult lives, and here are a few traits we get directly from our parents.
Blood Type
Blood type is determined by the ABO gene, which produces A, B, or O antigens on the surface of red blood cells. According to the NHS, “Your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents. Each group can be either RhD positive or RhD negative, which means in total there are 8 blood groups.”
Skin Tone
Another attribute that is influenced by the MC1R gene, skin color is determined by the amount of melanin produced by cells called melanocytes. Several genes contribute to the production and distribution of melanin, meaning families can show a range of skin tones.
Facial Features
According to research published by the National Library of Medicine, “genetic factors can explain more than 70% of the phenotypic facial variation in facial size, nose (width, prominence and height), lips prominence and inter-ocular distance.” Both dominant and recessive genes play roles in determining features like your chin dimple and how attached your earlobe is.
Eye Color
Eye color is determined by the amount of melanin in the iris, and according to Verywell Health, “advances in genetic research have revealed that eye color is influenced by more than 50 genes.” From blue to brown, children usually inherit their eye color from their parents, but the shade can vary.
Height
Influenced by over 700 genetic variants, about 80% of your height can be attributed to your genetics. This means that tall parents are more likely to have tall children, but a child’s height can also be influenced by the height of relatives in the extended family. Your height can also be impacted by external factors like health during childhood and smoking during pregnancy.
Hair Color
The MC1R gene plays a crucial role in hair color, which is determined by the level of two types of melanin: eumelanin (brown or black) and pheomelanin (red or yellow). Dark hair is dominant over lighter hair, meaning a child with one parent having dark hair and another with light hair is more likely to have dark hair.
Fingerprints
Although the specific details of your fingerprints are unique, the general pattern of loops and arches is inherited. The unique ridge patterns are formed by various genes interacting, such as those influencing skin growth. Environmental factors in the womb can also impact the infant’s fingerprints.
Intelligence
According to MedlinePlus, “It is likely that intelligence involves many genes that each make only a small contribution to a person’s intelligence. Other areas that contribute to intelligence, such as memory and verbal ability, involve additional genetic factors.” No single gene has been found to dictate intelligence, but studies suggest that 50–80% of the variance in IQ is inheritable.
Personality Traits
Research suggests that many aspects of personality, such as extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness, have heritable aspects influenced by multiple genes. While genetics create a base for personality, life experiences and environmental factors play significant roles in shaping individual personalities.
Risk for Certain Diseases
Many diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers, have genetic components, and the risk is increased if a parent has the condition. There are various genetic tests available that can show if you have a predisposition to certain diseases, allowing for early treatment and lifestyle adjustments.
Athletic Abilities
Genetic factors can impact your athletic ability due to their contribution to physical traits such as muscle composition, cardiovascular efficiency, and oxygen utilization. Verywell Fit says, “Training, diet, and other factors play a large role in developing our potential. Genes may help determine what that potential is.”
Metabolism
Metabolism is influenced by genetic factors; variations in genes can affect metabolic rate, the efficiency of food-to-energy conversion, and fat storage. Attempting to understand your genetic metabolic rate can help you create a personalized diet and exercise program that suits your body best.
Tolerance to Certain Foods
Genetics can affect how you taste, metabolize, and react to the food you eat. For example, the LCT gene can influence how tolerant you are to lactose, and the TAS2R38 gene can affect your ability to taste certain bitter compounds. There are genetic testing programs available that can show you any sensitivities you have and reveal the best dietary choices for your body.
Sleep Patterns
Variations in your genes can influence your circadian rhythm and how much sleep you need. Understanding any predispositions you have when it comes to sleep can help you tailor a lifestyle that optimizes sleep hygiene and health for you.
Aging Patterns
How quickly or slowly you show signs of aging is influenced by your cellular makeup. Genetics influence this as they determine your telomere length and DNA repair mechanisms. External factors also play an important role; for example, a high level of sun exposure or smoking can accelerate aging.
Dental Health
Genetics affect the strength of your tooth enamel, the composition of your saliva, and your overall mouth environment. These factors can influence your dental health and impact your risk of cavities. On top of this, susceptibility to gum disease and tooth decay can be higher in individuals with certain genetic predispositions, even with good oral hygiene practices.
Allergies
Being predisposed to developing certain allergies is influenced by your genetics, and a family history of allergies increases the likelihood of a child developing the same or similar responses to allergens. Often, even if a specific allergen is not inherited, children whose parents have allergies are more likely to have overreactions in their immune systems to certain substances.